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Constitutional Law-Ninth Circuit Characterizes Taser as “Intermediate” Level of Force Requiring Justification of Strong Governmental Interest-Bryan v. MacPherson, 630 F.3d 805 (9th Cir. 2010)

When analyzing a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 that a law enforcement officer used excessive force during the course of a seizure, courts typically use the objective reasonableness standard of the Fourth Amendment.  In Bryan v. MacPherson, the Court of Appeals for the...

Copyright Law-Seventh Circuit Holds Product Photography Sufficiently Creative for Copyright as Derivative Works-Schrock v. Learning Curve Int’l, Inc., 586 F.3d 513 (7th Cir. 2009)

Originality stands as both a constitutional and statutory prerequisite for copyright protection.  Nevertheless, the absence of a clear definition of copyright originality in the Copyright Act and in judicial application has lead to uncertainty regarding the meaning of...